It’s no secret that heat kills automatic transmissions.
This is especially true in big-power, street-strip machinesthat combine lots of horsepowerwith a small torque converter and steep rear axle ratio. Enginerpm is up across the board, and the automatic transmission builds heat. This is also true for trucksthat haul heavy loadsor tow trailers battling tough conditions such as long grades, high altitudes, or desert heat. In any case, loads coupled with stop-and-go traffic increase the heat level in an automatic transmission.
How Hot is Too Hot?
The ideal operating temperature for automatic transmission fluid is somewhere between 175 and 225degrees F. Here’s what can happen above this range:
- At approximately 240degrees F, important additives begin to cook in the automatic transmission fluid (ATF). The result is the formation of varnish inside the transmission.
- At approximately 260degrees F, internal transmission seals, which are often manufactured from a polyacrylate material, begin to harden. The end results are internal and external leaks as the the seals lose their elasticity.
- At approximately 295degrees F, transmission clutch plates begin to slip because the oil is breaking down further.
- At approximately 315degrees F, seals and clutches effectively burn out. Carbon forms in the oil and for all intents and purposes, the transmission is now junk. Often, a transmission will die within a few thousand miles (or sooner) if subjected to 300-plus degreeheat.
The built-in coolers that residein the bottom of the radiator are marginal at best. A typical “in-the-rad” cooler will reduce the heat of the ATF but it’s also influenced by the engine coolant temperature. And at the same time, it too can influence the engine coolant temperature.
How can that happen?
If the vehicle in question has a thermostat that opens at 195degrees F, once warmed to operating temperature, the transmission cooler will have a tough time reducing the heat of the ATF below 195degrees F. At the same time, if the transmission is overworked, it might raise the operating temperature of the ATF to 250degrees F or more. This heatcan be transferred to the engine coolantresulting in a potential boil over.
So what’s the answer?
You can add an external cooler. But before you rush out and buy the first cooler available, here’s an example to ponder:
Decades ago, webuilt an L88 powered 1969 Camaro complete with a turbo 400, a 12-bolt filled with 4.88:1 gears and an 8-inch torque converter. It was a street-driven car, but even with a big, four-core rad, the combination was always ready to melt the transmission fluid. In a conversation with Bob Fouts at Earl’s Performance, we garnered this critical kernel of information: Itis virtually impossible to overcool an automatic transmission, especially one in a high performance application. Naturally, this might not apply to vehicles operating near the Arctic Circle, but in the rest of the world, it basically holds true.
Types of Coolers
Typically, there are two types of cooler styles available: “tube-and-fin” and the “stacked plate” cooler. A conventional tube-and-fin cooler is the most common type you’ll find. Generally speaking, this cooler configuration consists of fins that are placed over aluminum tubes, which are laid out in “S” patterns. The idea is to have air flow over the fins, which in turn creates a heat sink effect. This effect draws heat from the ATF. Tube-and-fin coolers are inexpensive and easy-to-build.
The other type of cooler that is available is the “stacked plate” design. This cooler is laid out in much the same manner as the radiator in your car. Rather than using a tube to carry the ATF inside the cooler, the fins actually form the passage for the fluid to pass through. This is almost identical to the process Detroit uses to build modern radiators. This type of cooler configuration is much more efficient than the tube-and-fin style. And if you search the Summit Racing website, you’ll see all sorts of good options, including top-of-the line versions from Earl’s Performance.
The stacked plate, or “modular” cooler, has been in use since prior to WWII. During the early 1930s, it was first developed for use with the Rolls Royce Merlin engine that powered the Spitfires and Hurricanes in the Battle of Britain. It was ideal because of its dense air fins and “turbulator plates” which provide maximum liquid side (internal) and airside (external) surface area. The collector or end tanks ensure minimum flow restriction, while the fully brazed construction results in the most efficient possible thermal transfer between liquid and air. Thisold Rolls Royce Merlin design is the most thermally efficient liquid-to-air heat exchanger format available.
Now, you’re probably saying: “there’s a big difference between the conditions seen in an aircraft and those experienced by my street driven car.” That’s true, but these old war birds were subsonic and piston powered. In today’s terms, those old aircraft were dead slow, and because of that, heat exchanger technology has more in common with today’s trucks and cars than you might think. Plus, a heat exchanger or cooler doesn’t know if it’s cooling engine oil, hydraulic fluid, or ATF. When this basic, modular design is utilized, and the oil flow and air speed of the vehicle is taken into consideration, then the optimum heat exchanger can be produced.
Stacked Plate vs. Tube-and-Fin Coolers
How effective is the stacked plate, modular design in comparison to a more common tube-and-fin arrangement? Typically, a modular cooler (such as the Earl’s coolers shown in the photos below) will reject as much as three times the heat for a given area than a tube-and-fin cooler. The modular configuration cooler will also have less than half of the pressure drop found in a tube-and-fin cooler.
Copper-Bass vs. Aluminum Coolers
When it comes to heat exchanger construction, what’s best: copper and brass or aluminum? In most cases, the aluminum exchangers are nearly as thermally efficient as the copper and brass versions, but significantly lighter. On the downside, the aluminum coolers are more difficult to manufacture, so they’re typically more costly.
Another thing to consider is the paint. The common black paint that is preferred by most local radiator shops can act as thermal barrier instead of promoting the transfer of heat. A proper aluminum heat exchanger will either be anodized, or it will have a very thin coat of baked, heat exchanger paint (typically grey, silver, or black in color).
FluidCooler Mounting Tips
According to Earl’s Performance Products, the cooler must be mounted in a stream of moving air at ambient temperature to operate efficiently. It is not a good idea to mount the oil cooler behind the radiator where it will receive only heated air. It is not enough to lead air to the cooler; the heated air must have somewhere to go after it passes through the core. Air naturally flowsfrom a region of relatively high pressure to a region of relatively low pressure, so you should mount your cooler in the airstream ahead of the vehicle radiator. That way, it will always be subject to high pressure at the face, and the engine fan will always provide a region of low pressure behind the cooler.
You also need to consider the location of the inlet and outlet ports. Coolers should never be mounted so that both the inlet and outlet ports are on the bottom. The best method is to have the ports on the top. If this isn’t possible, the next best scenario has the cooler mounted on the side so that the ports are arranged horizontally.
There are a number of ways to mount the cooler; however, Earl’s offers a slick system for their coolers. This aluminumbracket is designed to hold the cooler securely without damage from vibration. Included is a pair of brackets (with integral rubber cushions) and e-coated aircraft quality hardware with rubber insulators spacers. Earl’s offers this bracket system for all of their Temp-A-Cure cooler models.
Port configuration is usually a matter of preference. The Earl’s coolers incorporate -10 AN O-ring boss ports. From here, you simply select the AN adapter that suits your needs. It’s no secret AN fittings are less prone to leakage and obviously much more secure than pipe thread examples. A-6 AN arrangement is most commonfor an automatic transmission.
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When it comes to automatic transmission coolers, bigger is always better. This cooler measures 8-1/4 X 13-inches (Earl’s #24200ERL). It's big but as indicated in the text, it's impossible to overcool an automatic transmission. Earl's offers coolers in a wide range of configurations.
Even larger is this Earl’s cooler. It measures 8-1/4 X 18.5-inches in size (Earl’s #26000ERL).
When mounting your cooler, keep in mind that heat exchanger (like engine radiators) do not work well if the liquid side is filled with air. Coolers should never be mounted so that both the inlet and outlet ports are on the bottom. The best method is to have the ports on the top. If this isn't possible, the next best scenario has the cooler mounted on the side so that the ports are arranged horizontally.
Earl’s coolers are manufactured with -10 AN female O-ring ports. From here, you simply use an AN adapter to go to your cooler hose size (which is typically -6AN – Earl’s #585106ERL shown here).
Up close, you can see the "modular" construction format. This type of cooler features dense air fins and "tubulator plates" that provide maximum liquid side (internal) and air-side (external) surface area. The collector or end tanks ensure minimum flow restriction, while the fully brazed construction results in the most efficient possible thermal transfer bath between liquid and air.
Although there are a number of ways to mount the cooler, one of the best that we've seen is the cushioned aluminum mount arrangement used by Earl's (Earl’s #1302ERL for the narrow coolers shown in the article). Manufactured from aluminum, this bracket is designed to hold the cooler securely without damage from vibration. Included is a pair of brackets (with integral rubber cushions) and e-coated aircraft quality hardware with rubber insulators.
The backside of the aluminum mounts (extrusions) is permanently fitted with rubber cushions. These cushions protect the heat exchanger from unwanted vibrations. Both the top and bottom mount brackets include this cushion arrangement.
This is how the mounting arrangement looks assembled on the cooler. It’s stout, secure and light.
Selecting a Cooler Size
Forhigh performance street cars or trucks that aresubjected to heavy loadsor towing,bigger is always better. As we’ve already mentioned, it’s impossible to overcool an automatic transmission.
The nature of the Earl’s Temp-A-Cure cooler (shown in the slideshow) allows it to be manufactured in countless different sizes. In fact, Earl’s offers a wide array of coolers to suit almost any application. The narrow 8¼-inch wide coolers are available in heights ranging from 2 to 18½ inches. Along with the narrow coolers, you can purchase wide body coolers. The “extra wide” coolers from Earl’s have a width of 15¼ inches and heights range from 2 to 18½-inches. Finally, Earl’s manufactures curved coolers that have a width of 11.562-inches and a height from 3.05 inches up to 4.919 inches. Basically, any cooler with a face height up to 18½ inches can be created.
In the end, money that’s spent on a proper cooler is like money in the bank. Not only will your transmission live longer, it will also be more efficient.
